Weight bias internalization among adolescents in Spain: psychological correlates across gender diversity and weight status / La internalización de los prejuicios de peso entre los y las adolescentes en España: correlatos psicológicos en función del género y el estatus de peso

Weight bias internalization refers to the negative weight-related attributions applied to oneself, but it does not just occur in the highest weight statuses, but rather exists across the entire weight spectrum. There is a negative impact associated to increase psychological problems in adults, however, it has been less studied among the adolescent Spanish population. In this study, we assess the relationship between the internalization of weight bias, social attitudes towards appearance, body appreciation and self-esteem, and potential differences regarding gender and weight status. A community sample of 1258 Spanish adolescents between 12 and 18 years old (46.3% male gender; Mage = 15.58; SD = 1.59; 49.5% female gender; Mage = 15.59; SD = 1.67; and 4.1% non-binary gender; Mage = 14.86; SD = 2.86) participated in the study. The Modified Weight Bias Internalization Scale (WBIS-M), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), and the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire (SATAQ-4) were used. ANOVA’s test and bivariate correlations were performed. The results suggest that females (t = -.55; p ≤ .001) and non-binary adolescents (t = .64; p ≤ .01) have higher levels of WBI-M compared to males. Regarding weight status, the group with obesity (t = 1.39; p ≤ .001) and the group with overweight (t = -.81; p ≤ .001) have higher levels of WBI-M compared to the normal weight group. Significant correlations between WBI-M and the assessed psychological variables were found in the total sample, and across all-gender and weight categories, except for the underweight group. These results are a first approximation to the internalization of weight bias in a Spanish adolescent sample and highlight the need to introduce this concept in prevention and psychological interventions in school context. (AU)

La internalización de los prejuicios de peso hace referencia a las atribuciones negativas relacionadas con el peso aplicadas a uno mismo/a, lo cual no ocurre únicamente en las personas con un estatus de peso elevado, sino en todo el rango de pesos. En adultos, existe evidencia de su impacto negativoasociados a incrementar problemas psicológicos; aunque se ha estudiado en menor medida en la población adolescente. El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar la relación entre la internalización de prejuicios de peso, las actitudes socioculturales hacia la apariencia, la apreciación corporal y el nivel de autoestima, y analizar las posibles diferencias en función del género y del estatus de peso. Participaron 1.258 adolescentes españoles de una muestra comunitaria entre 12 y 18 años (46.3% género masculino; Medad = 15.58; DT = 1.59; 49,5% género femenino; Medad = 15.59; DT = 1.67; y 4.1% género no binario; Medad = 14.86; DT = 2.86). Se utilizaron la escala de internalización de prejuicios de peso modificado (WBIS-M), la escala de autoestima de Rosenberg (RSES) y el cuestionario de actitudes socioculturales hacia la apariencia (SATAQ-4). Se realizó la prueba ANOVA y correlaciones bivariadas. Los resultados sugieren que el grupo identificado con el género femenino (t = -.55; p ≤ .001) y con el no binario (t = .64; p ≤ .01) muestran niveles más altos de internalización del sesgo de peso en comparación con el género masculino. En cuanto al estado ponderal, el grupo con obesidad (t = 1.39; p ≤ .001) y el grupo con sobrepeso (t = -.81; p ≤ .001) presentan niveles más altos de internalización de prejuicios de peso en comparación con el grupo con normopeso. Se encontraron correlaciones significativas entre las puntuaciones del WBIS-M y las variables psicológicas evaluadas en la muestra total yen todas las categorías de género y peso, con la excepción del grupo de bajo peso. (AU)

Is there no beauty in sexually dimorphic eyes? Facial attractiveness and White Europeans ocular morphology-Brief communication.

The link between human ocular morphology and attractiveness, especially in the context of its potential adaptive function, is an underexplored area of research. In our study, we examined the association between facial attractiveness and three sexually dimorphic measures of ocular morphology in White Europeans: the sclera size index, width-to-height ratio, and relative iris luminance. Sixty participants (30 women) assessed the attractiveness of the opposite-sex photographs of 50 men and 50 women. Our results show that in both men and women, none of the three measures was linked to the opposite sex ratings of facial attractiveness. We conclude that those ocular morphology measures may play a limited role in human mate preferences.

Determinants of accurate visual perception of child anthropometric phenotype among ethnically diverse preschool parents in the United States.

The literature reports that regardless of the high obesity prevalence estimates in young children, parents often do not accurately perceive their child's weight status. The purpose of this analysis was to examine the association between parent/child demographic characteristics including ethnicity, country of birth and years living in the United States and the perception of child's anthropometric phenotype status based on a visual silhouette instrument. Caregiver (n = 456) and child sociodemographic, perception of child anthropometric phenotype status and height/weight measurements were collected in 2015, from 24 childcare centres in Miami, Florida, among children ages 2-to-5 years old. Chi-square analysis determined parent perception accuracy by actual child healthy (

Investigation of Body Awareness Level and Performance Emotional Status of Athletes in Different Branches of Sports.

CONTEXT: The level of body awareness, performance emotional state (PES), and demographic characteristics in different sports are subjects to be investigated. It is important to examine the concepts of PES and body awareness to better understand the body-mind relationship in different sports. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the level of body awareness and PES of athletes. DESIGN: In this cross-sectional study, the independent variables are groups (4 different sports), and the dependent variables are body awareness and PES. PARTICIPANTS: The study was conducted on 188 licensed athletes (85 footballers, 36 basketball players, 34 handball players, and 33 swimmers). The mean age of the participants was 14.64 (1.89) years, mean height was 172.44 (11.03) cm, and mean body weight was 62.35 (13.12) kg. SETTINGS: Four sports clubs and 2 high schools were the intervention facilities. INTERVENTION: Body Awareness Questionnaire and Continuous Optimal Performance Emotional Status Scale-2 were used for data collection. Sociodemographic information was recorded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: One-way analysis of variance was used for analysis of normal distribution data in 4 different groups, and the Kruskal-Wallis test was used for the analysis of data that did not show normal distribution. RESULTS: There was no difference in body awareness among the branches (P = .17). The PES of the footballers was better than that of other athletes (P = .01). The correlation between body awareness and PES was medium (r = .47, P < .01), and the correlations between body awareness and age, licensed year, and number of weekly training sessions were weak (r = .22, P < .01; r = .19, P < .01; r = .15, P = .03). CONCLUSIONS: The body awareness of athletes may not differ among different sports, but PES is related to many factors such as mood, age, license years, and number of training sessions. In rehabilitation and training, body awareness and PES should be evaluated together.

Anthropometric status and body image perception among Moroccan university students.

BACKGROUND: University students aged between 18 and 25 undergo several physical changes as a result of transition from adolescence to adulthood. Students do not always accept those changes and sometimes develop dissatisfaction towards their figures. In such cases, it is still not clear how actual body weight status can be affected by socio-cultural factors such as body image perception. The objective of this study was to determine the link between anthropometric status and body image perception among university students. METHODS: Two hundred and forty six (246) university students from the Faculty of Sciences and Technologies within the Beni Mellal-Khenifra region in Morocco, aged 20-24 years were interviewed using face-to-face questionnaires. Anthropometric measurements and Body Mass Index were collected. Body image perception was assessed by Figure Rating Scale, and body size dissatisfaction was calculated as Feel minus Ideal Discrepancy (FID). Data were described using means and proportions. The Student t-test and the chi-square test have been used to assess the statistical significance of group differences. RESULTS: Underweight students represented 16.7% of the investigated sample, while 11.4% suffered from overweight and obesity, higher in females students (14.4%) than in males (7.9%). Regarding body image perception, 43.9% of participants considered themselves underweight; whereas only 4.2% considered themselves overweight with no significant differences related to gender. Of note, the total prevalence of body image dissatisfaction was around 69.8%. Finally, among overweight/obese students, 88.9% of females and 71.4% of males expressed the wish to become thinner while 28.6% of the overweight/obese males wanted to get heavier. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate a high rate of body image dissatisfaction and a tendency of participants to underestimate their body weight. This behavior may be a reflection of a real influence of social and psychological factors occurring during this critical period and may make university students vulnerable to many risk-taking behaviors. Thus, there is a need for suitable interventional programs and innovative strategies to ensure the understanding of the health consequences of overweight and obesity and to prevent associated comorbidities.

Validation of the translated Negative Physical Self Scale in a female North American sample: Preliminary examination.

In an increasingly multicultural society, there is a need for cross-cultural research on measures of body dissatisfaction, a construct often influenced by sociocultural differences. The current study assessed the psychometric properties of an English translation of the Negative Physical Self Scale (NPSS; Chen, Jackson, & Huang, 2006). A sample of 646 young adult North American women completed an online survey including the NPSS and two widely used measures of body image and eating concerns. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a four-factor structure of the NPSS, three of which (Thinness, Shortness, and Facial Appearance) mirrored those found in Chinese samples. The remaining factor, labeled the Body Concern subscale, was an amalgamation of two factors found in Chinese samples, Fatness and General Appearance, and one item from the Facial Appearance subscale. Extracted factors had high internal consistencies (Cronbach's alpha values above 0.89). The NPSS, particularly the Body Concern Subscale, demonstrated strong convergent validity with other measures of body dissatisfaction and disordered eating. The current study provided evidence for the use of a four-factor model of the NPSS among a North American population.

"Oberexia": The desire to be fat(ter) in adults with excess weight / "Oberexia": El deseo de estar (más) gordo en adultos con exceso de peso / "Oberexia": O desejo de estar (mais) gordo em adultos com excesso de peso

Introduction: Despite of being scarce, evidence is growing on the existence of a group of overweight and obese individuals who do not consider their weight a risk factor for disease and who associate their weight and body with health, vigor, beauty and well-being. Consequently, they manifest a desire to maintain or even increase their weight. We propose an attempt of nomenclature, Oberexia, for this new social reality, and we describe its main characteristics and present empirical observational findings supporting the existence of this condition. Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the prevalence and characteristics of Oberexia in a national sample of Spanish 16 to 60-years-old adults. Methodology: Perceptions of body weight/size/shape and composition, and body satisfaction were assessed in overweight and obese adults through silhouettes, questions and discrepancies. Results: One in ten of the participants self-perceived their body as normal in weight or size. A total of 6.5% wanted to have overweight or obese bodies. A case-to-case analysis revealed that 4.2% of the participants wanted to maintain their appearance, and 1.8% wanted a body with greater weight. All these findings are related to fat mass instead of muscle mass. Conclusions: Our results support the existence of a subgroup of overweight and obese individuals who differ from the traditional subgroup of individuals with excess weight who are dissatisfied with their body. We encourage to explore the outcomes on health and the possible clinical implications of this condition

Introducción: Aunque escasa, existe evidencia creciente sobre la existencia de un grupo de personas con sobrepeso y obesidad que no consideran su exceso de peso un factor de riesgo para la enfermedad y asocian su peso y su cuerpo con salud, vigor, belleza y bienestar. Como consecuencia, manifiestan el deseo mantener o incluso incrementar su peso. Realizamos una propuesta de nomenclatura para esta realidad social, Oberexia, describimos sus principales características y presentamos resultados empíricos observacionales que apoyan la existencia de esta condición. Objetivo: Nuestro objetivo fue explorar la prevalencia y características de la Oberexia en una muestra nacional de adultos españoles de 16 a 60 años. Metodología: Las percepciones de peso/tamaño/forma y composición corporal de personas con sobrepeso y obesidad y su satisfacción corporal fueron evaluadas utilizando siluetas, preguntas y discrepancias. Resultados: Uno de cada diez participantes percibió su cuerpo como normal en términos de peso y tamaño. Un 6.5% de los participantes con exceso de peso quería tener cuerpos con sobrepeso u obesidad. Un análisis caso-a-caso reveló que el 4.2% de los participantes deseaba mantener su apariencia, y el 1.8% deseaba aumentar de peso. Un 3% de los participantes podrían ser casos de Oberexia. Estos hallazgos se refieren a masa grasa y no a masa muscular. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados apoyan la existencia de un subgrupo de personas con exceso de peso que difieren del tradicional subgrupo de individuos obesos que se encuentran insatisfechos con su cuerpo. Es momento de explorar las consecuencias para la salud de la Oberexia y las posibles implicaciones clínicas de esta condición

Apesar de escassas, crescem as evidências sobre a existência de um grupo de essoas com sobrepeso e obesidade que não consideram o excesso de peso um fator de risco para a doença e associam seu peso e corpo com saúde, vigor, beleza e bem-estar. Consequentemente, eles manifestam o desejo de manter ou mesmo aumentar seu peso. Fizemos uma proposta de nomenclatura para essa realidade social, Oberexia, descrevemos suas principais características e apresentamos resultados empíricos observacionais que sustentam a existência dessa condição. O bjetivo deste estudo foi explorar a prevalência e as características de Oberexia em uma amostra nacional de adultos espanhóis de 16 a 60 anos. As percepções de peso/tamanho/forma e composição corporal de pessoas com sobrepeso e obesidade e sua satisfação corporal foram avaliadas por meio de silhuetas, perguntas e discrepâncias. Um em cada dez participantes percebeu seu corpo como normal em termos de peso ou tamanho. Um 6.5% dos participantes com excesso de peso desejava ter corpos com sobrepeso ou obesidade. Uma análise caso-a-caso revelou que 4.2% dos participantes queriam manter a aparência e 1.8% desejavam ganhar peso. Un 3% dos participantes poderia ser casos de Oberexia. Todos esses achados referem -se à massa gorda e não à massa muscular. Nossos resultados confirmam a existência de um subgrupo de indivíduos com sobrepeso e obesidade que diferem do subgrupo tradicional de indivíduos com excesso de peso insatisfeitos com seu corpo. É momento de explorar as consequências para a saúde de a Oberexia e as possíveis implicações clínicas dessa condição

Can an Exercise-Based Educational and Motivational Intervention be Durably Effective in Changing Compliance to Physical Activity and Anthropometric Risk in People with Type 2 Diabetes? A Follow-Up Study.

AIMS: A nine-month motivational exercise-based intervention was previously offered to subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D). A year after the end of the intervention, compliance to physical activity (PA) and anthropometric indices of participants were analyzed to evaluate the durability of its effects. METHODS: PA levels, expressed as total energy expenditure per week, were assessed with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Changes in Body Mass Index (BMI), A Body Shape Index (ABSI), Hip Index (HI) z-scores, the relative mortality risk related to each of these measures, and a combined Anthropometric Risk Index (ARI) were also evaluated. RESULTS: Of a total of the 52 subjects examined (67.9% males, mean age 61.8 ± 6.0), 46 (88.4%) were still sufficiently active as defined by IPAQ thresholds at follow-up. PA levels, anthropometric indices and related risks improved at follow-up in respect to the baseline and to the end of the intervention, although only PA levels, BMI and related measures, and ARI risk changed significantly. Habitual PA increased significantly after the intervention (p < 0.01) and this increase correlated with changes in BMI z-scores (r = -0.29, p = 0.04). BMI risk was significantly lower (p < 0.01) in participants still active at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: This study testifies to the persistence of compliance to PA and health benefits of a combined exercise-based and motivational intervention in subjects with T2D.

Dietary patterns, physical activity, body mass index, weight-related behaviours and their interrelationship among Romanian university students-trends from 2003 to 2016 / Patrones dietéticos, actividad física, índice de masa corporal, conductas relacionadas con el peso y su interrelación entre estudiantes universitarios rumanos entre 2003 y 2016

Introduction: promotion of a healthy diet and involvement in physical activity among young people has an important impact on their actual and future lifestyle, health and well being. Objectives: this study investigates dietary patterns, physical activity, body mass index (BMI) and weight-related behaviours as well as their interrelationship among Romanian university students. Methods: the study used anonymous questionnaires and was performed in Cluj-Napoca, Romania in 2003 (n = 320) and 2016 (n = 320). Results: the factor analyse revealed three main dietary structures which were similar at both waves. The first one describes a varied diet. The second one shows a diet rich in white meat, dietary fibres and varied sources of carbohydrates. The last one refers to a diet containing red meat, fat, potatoes, sugar. The first dietary structure protects against overweight and it correlates positively with daily physical activity, while has a negative correlation with using several methods for losing weight. The second dietary factor is also protective for overweight, but has a positive correlation with using several methods for losing weight. It has a negative association with eating frequently in fast food restaurants and with daily physical activity. The last dietary structure is negatively associated with daily physical activity, while being positively associated with eating frequently in fast-food restaurants and with a higher BMI. Conclusions: the study presents trends in dietary patterns, physical activity, BMI and weight related behaviours among Romanian university students between 2003 and 2016 and highlights the existence of several main dietary structures, which seems stable over time

Introducción: en los jóvenes la promoción de una dieta saludable y la realización de actividad física tienen un importante impacto sobre su estilo de vida, presente y futuro, en su salud y en su bienestar. Objetivos: este estudio investiga los patrones dietéticos, la actividad física, el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y las conductas relacionadas con el peso, así como su interrelación, en los estudiantes universitarios rumanos. Métodos: el estudio utilizó cuestionarios anónimos y fue llevado a cabo en Cluj-Napoca (Rumania), en 2003 (n = 320) y en 2016 (n = 320). Resultados: el análisis de los factores a estudio reveló tres estructuras dietéticas principales que fueron similares en las dos ondas. La primera describe una dieta variada. La segunda muestra una dieta rica en carne blanca, fibra y fuentes variadas de carbohidratos. La última presenta una dieta que contiene carne roja, grasas, patatas y azúcar. La primera estructura dietética protege contra el sobrepeso y se correlaciona positivamente con la actividad física diaria, si bien tiene una correlación negativa con el uso de varios métodos para perder peso. La segunda estructura dietética también protege frente al sobrepeso, aunque tiene una correlación positiva con el uso de varios métodos para perder peso, y negativa con comer con frecuencia en restaurantes de comida rápida y con la actividad física diaria. La última estructura dietética se relaciona negativamente con la actividad física diaria, pero se asocia positivamente con comer con frecuencia en restaurantes de comida rápida y con un mayor IMC. Conclusiones: el estudio describe las tendencias en los patrones dietéticos, la actividad física, el IMC y las conductas relacionadas con el peso en los estudiantes universitarios rumanos entre 2003 y 2016, y resalta la existencia de varias estructuras dietéticas principales que parecen estables en el tiempo

Two sides of the same coin? A new instrument to assess body checking and avoidance behaviors in eating disorders.

Body checking (BC) and avoidance behaviors (BA) are the dominant behavioral features of body image disturbances (BID) that characterize most individuals with eating disorders (EDs). Whereas BC can be reliably assessed, a valid assessment tool for BA is lacking, preventing an adequate assessment of BID differences across different EDs (anorexia nervosa, AN; bulimia nervosa, BN; binge eating disorder, BED). A total of 310 women with EDs and 112 nonclinical controls completed measures of BC-, BA- and ED-related symptoms. BA did not differentiate between EDs, whereas BC did: it was highest in AN and BN, and lowest in BED. Multivariate analyses also discriminated AN from BN based on BC. Given that results are of preliminary nature, evidence is promising that EDs can be discriminated from healthy controls and that differential BID profiles for the behavioral component among ED subgroups exist. However, replication of the factor structure remains open within ED subsamples.

Ideals versus reality: Are weight ideals associated with weight change in the population?

OBJECTIVE: To quantify weight ideals of young adults and to examine whether the discrepancy between actual and ideal weight is associated with 10-year body mass index (BMI) change in the population. METHODS: This study comprised 4,964 adults from the prospective population-based FinnTwin16 study. They reported their actual and ideal body weight at age 24 (range 22-27) and 10 years later (attrition 24.6%). The correlates of discrepancy between actual and ideal body weight and the impact on subsequent BMI change were examined. RESULTS: The discrepancy between actual and ideal weight at 24 years was on average 3.9 kg (1.4 kg/m(2) ) among women and 1.2 kg (0.4 kg/m(2) ) among men. On average, participants gained weight during follow-up irrespective of baseline ideal weight: women ¯x = +4.8 kg (1.7 kg/m(2) , 95% CI 1.6-1.9 kg/m(2) ), men ¯x = +6.3 kg (2.0 kg/m(2) , 95% CI 1.8-2.1 kg/m(2) ). Weight ideals at 24 years were not correlated with 10-year weight change. At 34 years, just 13.2% of women and 18.9% of men were at or below the weight they had specified as their ideal weight at 24 years. Women and men adjusted their ideal weight upward over time. CONCLUSIONS: Irrespective of ideal weight at baseline, weight gain was nearly universal. Weight ideals were shifted upward over time.

Self-Weighing: Helpful or Harmful for Psychological Well-Being? A Review of the Literature.

Conflicting views as to the helpfulness or harmfulness of self-weighing for the control of body weight have been presented in the fields of obesity and eating disorders. Because self-weighing is increasingly being considered as an intervention to promote weight loss or prevent weight gain, it is timely to consider unintended psychological outcomes and behavioral correlates of this behavior. Twenty articles from the published literature examining self-weighing and psychological outcomes or weight control behaviors were reviewed. In evaluating self-weighing and affect (ten studies), self-esteem (four studies) and body evaluation (ten studies), and eating behaviors/cognitions (13 studies), in total, most studies found a negative relationship between self-weighing and outcomes (affect: 4/10, self-esteem: 3/4, body evaluation: 4/10, eating behaviors/cognitions: 6/13). Themes that emerged included relationships between self-weighing and negative outcomes for women and younger individuals, and lack of a relationship or positive outcomes for overweight, treatment seeking individuals. Though self-weighing has shown promise in aiding weight control, the degree to which weight loss, and not self-weighing, affects psychological outcomes is not clear. Further assessment of psychological outcomes in self-weighing research may be warranted, as this review suggests the potential for adverse effects of self-weighing in some individuals.

Physical Forces between Humans and How Humans Attract and Repel Each Other Based on Their Social Interactions in an Online World.

Physical interactions between particles are the result of the exchange of gauge bosons. Human interactions are mediated by the exchange of messages, goods, money, promises, hostilities, etc. While in the physical world interactions and their associated forces have immediate dynamical consequences (Newton's laws) the situation is not clear for human interactions. Here we quantify the relative acceleration between humans who interact through the exchange of messages, goods and hostilities in a massive multiplayer online game. For this game we have complete information about all interactions (exchange events) between about 430,000 players, and about their trajectories (movements) in the metric space of the game universe at any point in time. We use this information to derive "interaction potentials" for communication, trade and attacks and show that they are harmonic in nature. Individuals who exchange messages and trade goods generally attract each other and start to separate immediately after exchange events end. The form of the interaction potential for attacks mirrors the usual "hit-and-run" tactics of aggressive players. By measuring interaction intensities as a function of distance, velocity and acceleration, we show that "forces" between players are directly related to the number of exchange events. We find an approximate power-law decay of the likelihood for interactions as a function of distance, which is in accordance with previous real world empirical work. We show that the obtained potentials can be understood with a simple model assuming an exchange-driven force in combination with a distance-dependent exchange rate.

Variabilidad de la composición corporal medida con bioimpedanciometría eléctrica según condiciones de realización: influencia del ayuno y del reposo / Variability in bioelectrical impedance assessment of body composition depending on measurement conditions influence of fast and rest

Introducción: La bioimpedanciometría eléctrica (BIA) constituye una de las principales herramientas para evaluar la composición corporal. Aunque se recomienda la realización de la BIA en condiciones de ayuno y 60 minutos de reposo, en la práctica asistencial no siempre es posible garantizar su cumplimiento. Objetivos: Determinar la fiabilidad de los parámetros de composición corporal estimados por BIA bajo diferentes condiciones fisiológicas: ayuno + reposo, ayuno + no-reposo y no-ayuno + no- reposo en voluntarios sanos. Metodología: Estudio transversal en 25 voluntarios sanos entre 18 y 34 años de edad (12 hombres, 13 mujeres). Se realizó una BIA en tres condiciones diferentes: 1) ayuno + reposo de 60 minutos en decúbito supino (gold standard), 2) ayuno + no reposo y 3) no ayuno + no reposo. Los parámetros recogidos fueron: masa magra y masa grasa (Kg) y agua corporal (litros y en porcentaje del peso corporal). Para valorar la concordancia entre las diferentes mediciones, se utilizó el coeficiente de correlación intraclase (CCI) Resultados: En comparación con el gold standard, la diferencia de medias de la masa magra en la condición de ayuno + no-reposo, fue -0.15 (DE 1.44) en los hombres y 0.98 (DE 1.36) en mujeres; la masa grasa disminuyó 0.06 (DE 1.55) en hombres y 0.82 (DE 1.5) en mujeres; el CCI osciló entre 0.826-0.995 en todas las comparaciones. En la condición de no-ayuno + no reposo, la masa magra disminuyó una media 0.05 (DE 0.33) en los hombres y en las mujeres se incrementó 0.62 (DE 0.46); la masa grasa disminuyó 0.57 (DE 0.82) en hombres y 0.46 (DE 0.60) en mujeres; y el CCI osciló entre 0.942 y 0.999, excepto en el agua corporal en hombres que fue de 0.340. Discusión: Las diferencias observadas en los parámetros obtenidos por BIA al comparar la condición gold standard (ayuno + reposo) con las otras condiciones (ayuno + no reposo y no-ayuno + no-reposo), aunque significativas, son de escasa magnitud. En la práctica clínica, la valoración de parámetros de composición corporal permite tomar decisiones a la hora de planificar el tratamiento en pacientes con desacondicionamiento físico. Conclusiones: La fiabilidad de los parámetros obtenidos por BIA entre diferentes condiciones fisiológicas de ayuno y reposo es excelente (CCI >0.75) en adultos sanos entre 19 y 34 años. Si bien las recomendaciones generales sobre el uso de los dispositivos de BIA se deben mantener, las condiciones de realización podrían modificarse en función del contexto asumiendo una diferencia de pequeña magnitud y escasa relevancia clínica (AU)

Background: Bioelectrical Impedance Assessment (BIA) is one of the main tools to measure body composition. BIA is recommended in fasting and after 60 minutes of rest; however, this cannot always be guaranteed in healthcare practice. Objectives: To establish the reliability of the body composition parameters assessed with BIA under different physiological conditions: fast + rest, fast + no-rest and no-fast + no-rest in healthy volunteers. Methods: Transversal study including 25 healthy volunteers aged 18-34 (12 men, 13 women). A BIA was performed under three different conditions: 1) fast + 60 minute rest in cubito supino (gold standard), 2) fast + no rest and 3) no fast + no rest. The collected parameters were: lean mass and fat mass (Kg) and body water (in liters and as body weight percentage). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was applied for the assessment of concordance within the different measurements. Results: Compared to the gold standard, the difference in lean mass means in the condition of fast + no-rest, was -0.15 (DE 1.44) in men and 0.98 (DE 1.36) in women; fat mass decreased in 0.06 (DE 1.55) in men and 0.82 (DE 1.5) in women; ICC ranged between 0.826-0.995 in all comparisons. In the condition of no-fast + no rest, lean mass decreased an average of 0.05 (DE 0.33) in men and it increased 0.62 (DE 0.46) in women; fat mass decreased 0.57 (DE 0.82) in men and 0.46 (DE 0.60) in women; ad ICC ranged between 0.942 and 0.999, except in body water in men, where it was 0.340. Discussion: Although relevant, the differences observedin parameters from BIA when comparing the gold standard condition (fast + rest) with the other conditions (fast + no-rest and no-fast + no-rest) are of little magnitude. In clinical practice, the assessment of body composition allows to take decisions when planning treatment for patients with a poor physical condition. Conclusions: The reliability of the parameters acquired via BIA within different physiological conditions of fast and rest is excellent (CCI >0.75) in healthy adults aged 19-34. Although general recommendations on theuse of BIA devices must be kept in place, the conditions of the performance could be modified according to the context and assuming a small difference of little clinical relevance (AU)

Why is low waist-to-chest ratio attractive in males? The mediating roles of perceived dominance, fitness, and protection ability.

Past research suggests that a lower waist-to-chest ratio (WCR) in men (i.e., narrower waist and broader chest) is viewed as attractive by women. However, little work has directly examined why low WCRs are preferred. The current work merged insights from theory and past research to develop a model examining perceived dominance, fitness, and protection ability as mediators of to WCR-attractiveness relationship. These mediators and their link to both short-term (sexual) and long-term (relational) attractiveness were simultaneously tested by having 151 women rate one of 15 avatars, created from 3D body scans. Men with lower WCR were perceived as more physically dominant, physically fit, and better able to protect loved ones; these characteristics differentially mediated the effect of WCR on short-term, long-term, and general attractiveness ratings. Greater understanding of the judgments women form regarding WCR may yield insights into motivations by men to manipulate their body image.

Influencia del contexto deportivo en la formación de los futbolistas de la selección española de fútbol / Influence os sport context on training elite soccer players

Este estudio pretende conocer qué influencia tiene el contexto deportivo y sus aspectos más relevantes en la formación del futbolista de élite, y la manera más eficaz de controlarlo para conseguir alcanzar el éxito deportivo. Para ello, se ha contado con la opinión de once futbolistas de élite internacionales, y de los coordinadores, preparadores físicos, psicólogos y médicos del fútbol base de las siete canteras más importantes de España. Los datos se han obtenido a través de una metodología cualitativa con la entrevista como instrumento de medida. El contexto deportivo es una de las dimensiones más influyentes en la formación del jugador de fútbol. La formación deportiva en una cantera adecuada es clave en la consecución del éxito deportivo, en donde el entrenador es su máximo exponente. Las oportunidades, que éste les brinda a sus jugadores, así como la formación integral que les da a los mismos, hacen que los jugadores con talentos consigan el éxito. Este desarrollo del individuo está marcado por la coordinación de todos los integrantes del fútbol base, el psicólogo, el médico, el preparador físico y el coordinador (AU)

This study seeks to determine the influence that sport context and its most important aspects have on the training process of elite soccer players, and the most effective way to control it to achieve sport success. Thus, this research took into account the view of eleven international elite players and directors of academies, fitness coaches, psychologists and sport doctors in the seven main soccer academies in Spain. Data were obtained through a qualitative methodology with the interview as an instrument of measurement. Sport context is one of the most influential dimensions in the training process of a soccer player. Sport training in a good soccer academy is key in achieving sport success, where the coach is its greatest exponent. The opportunities coaches provide their players as well as the comprehensive training they give them mean that talented players achieve success. Individual development is marked by the coordination of all the members of the soccer academy: psychologist, doctor, fitness coach and director (AU)

Insatisfacción corporal en la adolescencia: Evolución en una década / Body dissatisfaction in adolescence. Changes in a decade

La presente investigación examina los cambios en la imagen corporal y en el índice de masa corporal ocurridos en un periodo de 11 años en una muestra de adolescentes españoles con edades comprendidas entre los 13 y 21 años. Los datos provienen de dos submuestras recogidas en el año 1997 (n = 3468) y en el año 2008 (n = 846). La imagen corporal fue operacionalizada por medio de la escala insatisfacción corporal perteneciente al inventario de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (Garner, 1998, 2004). Los resultados pusieron de manifiesto que el índice de masa corporal es una covariable importante en el estudio de la insatisfacción corporal. Se observó una disminución no-significativa de los valores medios de insatisfacción corporal en la muestra de mujeres. Las puntuaciones de los varones no han cambiado durante los últimos 11 años (AU)

This study examines the changes in adolescents’ body image and body mass index over the last 11 years. Data came from two different subsamples collected in the years 1997 (n = 3468) and 2008 (n = 846). The body image was assessed by the Body Dissatisfaction scale belonging to Eating Disorder Inventory (Garner, 1998, 2004). The results showed that the Body Mass Index is an important covariable in the study of the body dissatisfaction. The body dissatisfaction mean values decreased in the female sample, although the observed reduction was not statistically significant. The male’s values didn’t change over the last 11 years (AU)

Age at menarche and digit ratio (2D:4D): relationships with body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness, and bulimia symptoms in women.

This study examined the hypothesis that lower prenatal androgen exposure and earlier puberty are associated with more dysfunctional eating attitudes and behaviors. Relationships between both age at menarche (AAM) and 2D:4D (a marker of prenatal androgen exposure), and EDI-2-Body Dissatisfaction, EDI-2-Drive for Thinness, and EDI-2-Bulimia scores, were examined in women using correlations and regressions. Earlier menarche was associated with higher drive for thinness after controlling for BMI and negative affect, but only in women who were not exclusively heterosexual. Higher 2D:4D was associated with higher Bulimia and Body Dissatisfaction scores, but only in exclusively heterosexual women, and relationships disappeared when covariates were controlled. Later AAM and higher 2D:4D were unique predictors of higher Bulimia scores for exclusive heterosexuals when BMI was controlled. These findings suggest future research should examine sexual orientation as a mediator or moderator of prenatal and postnatal organizational hormonal effects on women's disordered eating attitudes and behaviors.

¿Los niños quieren amigos flacos? El papel de "peso" en las preferencias de amistad y las actitudes intergrupales de los niños / Do children want skinny friends? The role of "weight‟ in children‟s friendship preferences and inter-group attitudes

Este estudio examinó el desarrollo de las actitudes hacia estímulos que representan a figuras de peso bajo utilizando dos medidas diferentes. En primer lugar, los niños (de 5-11 años) atribuyeron rasgos positivos y negativos a imágenes de personas de peso bajo, peso promedio y sobrepeso. En segundo lugar, se examinó la preferencia por las mismas imágenes en tres contextos diferentes (Total N=151). La tarea de atribución de rasgos mostró que el sesgo hacia el peso anuló el sesgo de género entre las niñas de todas las edades; las chicas prefirieron imágenes de peso bajo significativamente más que las de peso promedio o sobrepeso. En la tarea de preferencias, cuando tenían que elegir a un “amigo” o “a quién invitar a casa”, tanto los niños como las niñas de 5 a 7 años prefirieron figuras de peso bajo (AU)

This study examined developmental attitudes towards underweight stimuli using two different measures. Children aged 5 - 11 firstly attributed positive and negative traits to images of underweight, average-weight and overweight stimuli. A second measure investigated picture preference of the same stimuli for 3 different contexts (Total N=151). The trait attribution task revealed that weight bias overrode gender bias amongst female participants of all ages; girls significantly preferred underweight images to average-weight and overweight images. In the picture preference task, preferences for the underweight stimuli were given by both male and female 5 to 7 year olds, when selecting which stimuli they would have as a "friend‟ or to "take home to play‟ (AU)